ABSTRACT
Background: Bottle fed infants are prone to increased incidence of candidal colonization and infection
Objectives: The current study aimed at testing the effect of an artificial milk formula used in bottle feeding on Candida albicans germination and biofilm formation
Methodology: C. albicans ATCC 10231 was submitted for germination and biofilm formation tests under the effect of different concentrations of one of the common artificial milk formulas available in the market [AMF-A] which is both cow's milk and soy based.Germination was tested under 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% [vol/vol] of AMF-A in phosphate buffered saline [PBS], while concentrations in biofilm tests were 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% [vol/vol] of AMF-A in yeast nitrogen base [YNB] broth. Biofilms were grown on silicone discs and quantified by crystal violet staining with determination of the optical densities [ODs] and colony forming units [CFUs] counting. The structure of the biofilms was studied by light microscopic examination after crystal violet staining
Results: All tested concentrations of AMF induced germination of the tested strain, as the germination percentages after 4 hours were 40%, 53% and 60% for AMF 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%, respectively. Both ODs and CFUs revealed that the adding of AMF to YNB has synergistic effect on biofilm formation. Microscopically, most of the formed biofilms were of low density but the density was increasing with increasing incubation time
Conclusion: The tested AMF enhanced germination and biofilm formation of C. albicans, and consequently its virulence, and although the biofilms were weak, they still can provide sources for continuous oral candidal colonization in the bottle fed infants
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Candidiasis/etiology , Milk Substitutes , Biofilms , InfantABSTRACT
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes large percentages of nosocomial infections with high rates of treatment failure due to antibiotic resistance. The production of extended spectrum beta lactamases [ESBLs] is a principal mechanism of antibiotic resistance of this bacterium. Such infections represent a great challenge in our hospitals
Objectives: Application of phenotypic methods and PCR for detection of bla[OXA-10] and bla[GES-1] extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cases of nosocomial infections in Ismailia city, Egypt
Methodology: Forty five isolates of P. aeruginosa isolated from cases of surgical site infection were submitted for antibiotic susceptibility testing, followed by phenotypic screening for both OXA-10 and GES-1 beta lactamases using disc combination method of ceftazidime-clavulanic acid and cefotaxime- clavulanic acid disks. PCR targeting genes of these ESBLs was applied for more accurate detection
Results: The resistance rates were 100% for ampicillin, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cefazolin while for cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and cefepime, the resistance reached 84.5%, 68.9%, 57.8% and 37.8%, respectively. Imipenem, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were the most effective antibiotics as they had sensitivity rates of 77.8%, 68.9%, and 73.4%, respectively. Disc combination tests were positive in more than two thirds of isolates. PCR detected blaOXA-10 and blaGES-1 in fifteen and twelve isolates, respectively
Conclusion: ESBLs are still playing major role in marked antibiotic resistance P. aeruginosa against the extended beta lactam antibiotics in Ismailia, Egypt as OXA-10 and GES-1 beta lactamases were isolated at rates of 33.3% and 26.7%, respectively. The current study provides a new report for detection of GES-1 in Egypt